9/6/2023 0 Comments Second law of motion![]() ![]() That gives us the more familiar school textbook version of the second law: F=ma. ![]() In most situations, the mass of something does not change as it moves so the equation can be simplified to mass (m) multiplied by the rate of change of velocity, which we know as acceleration (a). Momentum is the mass (kilograms) of an object multiplied by its velocity (metres per second). The small "d"s are differential notation, another Newtonian invention that appears in countless physical equations and that allows you to mathematically predict how something will change as another related parameter is incrementally altered – in this case, time. In the form pictured, above, it says that force (F) is equal to the rate of change of momentum (p) with respect to time (t). A force might be the result of any number of fundamental physical interactions between bits of matter but Newton's second law allows you to work out how a force, when it is present, will affect the motion of an object. You might feel it as a push or pull (a mechanical force), while it is the value of your weight (the gravitational force of the Earth pulling on you) and can be seen in the repulsion or attraction of magnets or electric charges (electromagnetic force). Force (measured in Newtons) is one of the fundamental physical properties of a system and comes in many forms. The second law is the one that tells you how to calculate the value of a force. The third is the well-known (if mildly misunderstood) idea that every action (force) has an equal but opposite reaction – if you push on a door, the door will push back against you. The first law states that an object will stay at rest or move with a constant velocity, unless it is acted upon by an external force. Isaac Newton's laws of motion were first set down in his Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis in 1687. ![]()
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